Given the evidence, we suggest to those researching Alzheimer's Disease that copper may offer an important consideration. It certainly would not be the only culprit when we consider connections to other toxic metals with neurotoxic qualities such as mercury or aluminum which could also be contributing to this disease. Nonetheless, that does not mean that the copper connection should be dismissed.
As of 2017, the Alzheimer's Association website continued to state "there is no treatment to cure, delay or stop the progression of Alzheimer's disease". While there may be no 'cure', there is certainly enough evidence to suggest that progression can potentially be delayed – that is if medicine chooses to look at the copper connection. Unfortunately, just as with the Pill or IUD, discussion of copper is almost all but ignored, in this case as evidenced by not one single mention of copper in an otherwise excellently written and comprehensive 84 page report[1] on A.D....even though we know the following:
We know that copper antagonizes zinc, and we know that zinc deprivation causes cell death in the hippocampus, where memories are recorded.
“In Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to be affected, leading to the confusion and loss of memory so commonly seen in the early stages of the disease.”
~Dr. Ananya Mandal
At the same time, excess copper causes neuronal toxicity while zinc deficiency causes neuronal damage[2]. Alzheimer’s is characterized by degeneration and/or trauma of neuronal structures[3].
Dr. Rashid Dean, PhD, a research professor in the University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) Department of Neurosurgery, has shown in his study that:
“Over time, copper’s cumulative effect is to impair the systems by which amyloid beta is removed from the brain. Amyloid beta is a main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients” [4]
Amyloid beta is a small protein clipped off a larger one by the beta secretase enzyme. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal concluded in 2013 that:
“Copper appears to be one of the main environmental factors that trigger the onset and enhance the progression of Alzheimer's disease by preventing the clearance and accelerating the accumulation of toxic proteins in the brain.” [4]
Furthermore, as published by the University of Rochester Medical Center[4]:
“Researchers observed that the copper disrupted the function of LRP1 through a process called oxidation which, in turn, inhibited the removal of amyloid beta from the brain. They observed this phenomenon in both mouse and human brain cells... They observed that the copper stimulated activity in neurons that increased the production of amyloid beta... This one-two punch, inhibiting the clearance and stimulating the production of amyloid beta, provides strong evidence that copper is a key player in Alzheimer’s disease.”
"It is clear that copper (II) is extremely toxic. It is as toxic to the brain as lead, but in a different way. Lead acts quickly to cause damage, including brain damage. Copper (II) acts over many years to cause cognition loss."[5]
"The web of evidence tying ingestion of inorganic copper as a causal factor in AD is strong, and includes AD animal model data where trace amounts of inorganic copper in the drinking water markedly worsened AD, human studies where ingestion of copper supplements, along with a high fat diet, is associated with a marked loss of cognition, human studies showing a markedly higher mortality in elderly women ingesting copper supplements, as well as other data. It is likely that a high fat diet works in conjunction with ingestion of inorganic copper to increase the risk of AD."
~Dr. George J Brewer, MD
"A large body of clinicopathological, circumstantial, and epidemiological evidence suggests that the dysregulation of copper is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease." [6]
"An excess of free copper is directly involved to neurodegeneration.” [7]
It could be argued that the rise in the prevalence of Alzheimer’s rates, which really is a 20th century phenomenon, loosely corresponds with the rise in rates of copper toxicity. Even though correlation alone does not prove causation, given the body of evidence surrounding copper’s effects on specific body processes, dismissing any exploration or mention of copper seems to be a willing avoidance to actually find answers. Dr. George J. Brewer, MD, offers the following comment:
“Scientists these days like to talk about the complexity of AD. They formulate drugs or agents designed to lessen the amyloid-beta burden in the brain or to attack biochemical aspects of the neurofibrillary tangles. [I have] long suggested there is a simpler line of attack: prevent AD by eliminating ingestion of inorganic copper. This concept, however, has yet to enter the conversation of the scientific community…It is our belief that the leaching of copper from copper plumbing into the drinking water is a major causal factor in the AD epidemic.” [8]
It could be argued that the copper level rises as a result of the condition rather than as a cause. However, if copper levels indeed increased as a result and not the cause, then we would need to ask why symptoms improve when copper levels are reduced. If the copper level rose as a natural response to help heal the symptom, in this case AD, then reducing copper should logically impair the healing process. However, that is not the case. For example:
“Clinical trials with copper chelators (either D- penicillamine or clioquinol) resulted in the reduction of the extent of serum peroxides and decreased the rate of cognitive decline in AD patients.”[9]
Consider further the role that microglial dysfunction plays in Alzheimer’s disease (of which research is beginning to recognize).
“Our findings highlight the risk of chronic Cu exposure on cognitive decline and altered microglia activation towards degenerative phenotypes. These changes may represent one of the key mechanisms linking Cu exposure or its dyshomeostasis to an increased risk for AD.” [10]
The latest research is “discovering” that brain microglia in AD patients are more frequently in a pre-inflammatory state and may be causing inflammation leading to the death of brain cells. Have these “latest discoveries” even looked at what potential role the copper toxicity epidemic might be playing? In the earlier chapter on Mental Health, we looked at how copper (and other toxic metals) can trigger microglial activation resulting in brain inflammation!
Alzheimer’s Disease, just as with depression, schizophrenia, anxiety and other emotional and mental health issues, could surely become better understood if we started looking at the connections they share with mineral imbalances such as copper, along with exposures to other toxic metals/ neurotoxins. Like with other symptoms, it is typically not just about copper alone. However, given the very clear connection that copper toxicity plays in all of these mental health symptoms, it seems ludicrous how quickly pharmaceuticals are prescribed without even giving consideration that a simple mineral imbalance might be part of the cause. Rather, the copper toxicity connection, especially when it comes to public messaging, is swept under the rug and dismissed altogether, regardless of what the actual science shows.
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References on this Page:
[1] Alzheimer’s Association. 2016 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 2016;12(4).
[2] Brewer, G. J. (2012). Copper excess, zinc deficiency, and cognition loss in Alzheimer’s disease. BioFactors (Oxford, England), 38(2), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1005
[3] Aktas, O., Ullrich, O., Infante-Duarte, C., Nitsch, R., & Zipp, F. (2007). Neuronal damage in brain inflammation. Archives of Neurology, 64(2), 185. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.64.2.185
[4] Michaud, M. (2013, August 19). Copper identified as culprit in Alzheimer’s disease. University of Rochester Medical Center. https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/3916/copper-identified-as-culprit-in-alzheimers-disease.aspx
[5] https://www.mitosynergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/AnalysisOfTheNeedForACopper-1SupplementPill_11_04_16.pdf
[6] Eskici, G., & Axelsen, P. H. (2012). Copper and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Biochemistry, 51(32), 6289–6311. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi3006169
[7] Manto, M. (2014). Abnormal copper homeostasis: Mechanisms and roles in neurodegeneration. Toxics, 2(2), 327–345. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics2020327
[8] Copper, zinc in Alzheimer’s (Oct 2013) Townsend Letter for doctors & patients. (n.d.). Townsendletter.com. http://www.townsendletter.com/Oct2013/copper1013.html
[9] George J. Brewer , Ruth Danzeisen , Bonnie Ransom Stern , Peter J. Aggett , Michelle Deveau , Laura Plunkett , Andrea Chambers , Daniel Krewski , Leonard S. Levy , Harry J. McArdle , Carl L. Keen , Magdalena Araya & Marc Solioz (2010) Letter to the Editor and Reply: Toxicity of Copper in Drinking Water, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 13:6, 449-459, DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2010.499732. (n.d.).
[10] Lim, S. L., Rodriguez-Ortiz, C. J., Hsu, H.-W., Wu, J., Zumkehr, J., Kilian, J., Vidal, J., Ayata, P., & Kitazawa, M. (2020). Chronic copper exposure directs microglia towards degenerative expression signatures in wild-type and J20 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology: Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS), 62(126578), 126578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126578
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